12/30/2023 0 Comments Fleischmanns museum of memories![]() ![]() This material and other fine sediment is mobilized during stormflow events. Some streambeds have exposed layers of lacustrine clay. The massive ice sheets of the Pleistocene rounded the summits, deposited a thin layer of coarse-textured, highly permeable glacial till on the hillsides, and filled the narrow valleys with glacial sand and gravel deposits. Eons of erosion have dissected the plateau with well-defined stream valleys and long, relatively steep slopes. This geologic structure is also evident in road cuts and in rock outcrops along most trails. ![]() When the deciduous trees on the mountainsides are bare, these ancient bedding planes can be seen in the slope profiles and the horizontal orientation of rock outcrops. (more.)Ī Devonian Age delta with horizontal layers of sandstone, siltstone, shale, and conglomerate bedrock is the geologic substrate of the region. Satellite image (October 2, 2017, Google Earth) of the Catskill Mountain region and reservoirs of the Catskill system (1 = Ashokan, 2 = Schoharie) and Delaware system (3 = Rondout, 4 = Neversink, 5 = Pepacton, 6 = Cannonsville). A summary and synthesis-linking the Catskills region and New York City-is vitally important to establish common ground for the next phase of the Watershed Protection Program, especially during the leadership transitions that will occur during the next decade. To that end, Chapters 2 and 3 build upon NRC (2000) and other recent works (e.g., Duerden, 2007, Galusha, 2016, Soll, 2013) by summarizing the information needed to adequately address the origins of complex issues that have emerged since the Watershed Protection Program began in the late-1990s. Particularly in the case of New York City, the long-term success of watershed management is dependent upon shared values, mutually beneficial goals and objectives, and equitable distribution of costs and benefits (Warne, 2018). A thorough understanding of historical precedents and diverse (sometimes diametrically opposed) perspectives is especially important for managers, policy makers, principal stakeholders, and political leaders, as well as for the public at large. Participants and decision-makers in any source water protection program could benefit from a shared understanding of the ecological, historical, and cultural antecedents of current conditions and future challenges and opportunities. In some cases, they date back to the initial development of the Catskill and Delaware systems and sudden intersection of two worlds: a powerful, burgeoning city and a long-settled rural landscape with well-established communities ( Evers, 1982 Galusha, 2016 Soll, 2013 Steuding, 1985). Although the Watershed Protection Program has matured and is frequently cited as an international success story, persistent challenges and controversies date back to the negotiation of the 1997 Memorandum of Agreement (MOA). In the last 20 years, more than $2 billion has been invested in the New York City Watershed Protection Program, and many new partnerships, programs and approaches have emerged.
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